Cirrus83
553 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
553 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
+++
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date = '2025-12-12T11:08:46+08:00'
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draft = false
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title = 'macOS下基于QEMU的Arch Linux (aarch64)简易安装教程'
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description = '树洞#7876708'
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license = 'MIT Licence'
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categories = 'instructions'
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tags = ['技术栈']
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+++
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# QEMU安装测试Arch Linux (aarch64)
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测试环境：macOS Tahoe 26.0.1
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测试设备：MacBook Air (M3)
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## 需要下载的文件：
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- ArchLinuxARM-aarch64-latest.tar.gz镜像（不能直接启动）
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- alpine-standard-3.23.0-aarch64.iso（可启动）
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- QEMU_EFI.fd（如果curl下载下来文件不是2MB左右大小，可手动访问指令中的地址下载，或者使用[本文件](QEMU_EFI.fd)）
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- macOS系统中：终端输入：
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```zsh
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curl -o ~/Downloads/ArchLinuxARM-aarch64-latest.tar.gz https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/archlinuxarm/os/ArchLinuxARM-aarch64-latest.tar.gz
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curl -o ~/Downloads/alpine-standard-3.23.0-aarch64.iso https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/alpine/v3.23/releases/aarch64/alpine-standard-3.23.0-aarch64.iso
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curl -o ~/QEMU_EFI.fd https://releases.linaro.org/components/kernel/uefi-linaro/16.02/release/qemu64/QEMU_EFI.fd
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```
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## 准备QEMU虚拟机环境：
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- 安装QEMU本体：
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> 如果你还没有安装homebrew：终端输入：
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> `/bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/install.sh)"`
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```zsh
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brew install qemu
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```
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- 创建磁盘文件：（目录是你的当前用户文件夹，要记住，否则找不到o(^▽^)o）
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```zsh
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qemu-img create test.raw 20G
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```
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- 写入分区表：
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```zsh
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gdisk test.raw << 'EOF'
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o
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Y
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n
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1
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+512M
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EF00
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n
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2
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8300
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w
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Y
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EOF
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```
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- 检查分区表：
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```zsh
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gdisk test.raw <<'EOF'
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p
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EOF
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```
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> 理想情况显示：
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> ```
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> Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
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> 1 2048 1050623 512.0 MiB EF00 EFI system partition
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> 2 1050624 41940991 19.5 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem）
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> ```
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- 转换为qcow2文件（省空间）
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```zsh
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qemu-img convert -f raw -O qcow2 test.raw test.qcow2
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```
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得到约524KB的test.qcow2
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- 配置适当启动参数：（提示：如果你的设备内存≤16GB，不建议分配8GB内存给虚拟机，实际上2GB完全可以运行，记得修改）
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```zsh
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qemu-system-aarch64 \
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-accel hvf -cpu host -smp 4 \
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-M virt \
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-m 8G \
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-nographic \
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-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net \
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-netdev user,id=net,hostfwd=tcp::2222-:22 \
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-cdrom ~/Downloads/alpine-standard-3.23.0-aarch64.iso \
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-bios QEMU_EFI.fd \
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-drive file=test.qcow2,if=virtio
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```
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## 进入Alpine Linux
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启动后，输入root回车，登录;
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- 启用ext4文件系统相关操作：
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```bash
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apk add e2fsprogs
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```
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- 查看磁盘：
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```bash
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fdisk -l
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```
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> 从输出中记下要安装到哪个磁盘：369M的vda是Alpine的CDROM，不是目标磁盘，应该选择另一个：vdb（这和下面大部分命令都有关，如果你不是vdb，建议依次command+F搜索并替换：vdb1->[你的磁盘名]1 vdb2->[你的磁盘名]2。还挺精准，不会改乱。）（数字一般不变，1是EFI引导分区，2是安装目录）
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> 示例输出：
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> ```
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> Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT
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>
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> Disk /dev/vda: 756096 sectors, 369M
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> Logical sector size: 512
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> Disk identifier (GUID): 35323032-3231-4330-b130-303534383230
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> Partition table holds up to 248 entries
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> First usable sector is 64, last usable sector is 756032
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>
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> Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Name
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> 1 64 811 374K Gap0
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> 2 812 3691 1440K EFI boot partition
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> 3 3692 756031 367M Gap1
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> Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT
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>
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> Disk /dev/vdb: 41943040 sectors, 0
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> Logical sector size: 512
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> Disk identifier (GUID): c3685d8f-206c-4491-98c8-61ed4f05c173
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> Partition table holds up to 128 entries
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> First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 41943006
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>
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> Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Name
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> 1 2048 1050623 512M EFI system partition
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> 2 1050624 41940991 19.4G Linux filesystem
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> ```
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- 创建文件系统：
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```bash
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mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb2
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```
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（或者强制：`mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/vdb2`）
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- 检查文件系统：
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```bash
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fsck.ext4 -f /dev/vdb2
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apk add e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-extra
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dumpe2fs /dev/vdb2 | head -20
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blkid /dev/vdb2
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```
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（最后一个命令输出示例：`/dev/vdb2: UUID="b21052d5-7608-493e-9d52-ff7259f68f1f" TYPE="ext4"`）
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- 格式化EFI分区：
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```bash
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mkfs.vfat -F32 /dev/vdb1
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```
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- 挂载2个分区：（这里很坑！需要用这个命令，否则`Invalid Argument`）
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```bash
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mount -t ext4 -o defaults,errors=remount-ro /dev/vdb2 /mnt
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mkdir /mnt/boot
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mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/boot/
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```
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- 先启动网络：
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```bash
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ip link set eth0 up
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udhcpc -i eth0
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```
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- 在Alpine中启动SSH，传Arch Linux镜像：
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```bash
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apk add openssh openssh-client
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echo "PermitRootLogin yes" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config
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```
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- 设置密码（要输两遍，输入完就回车，不会显示）（`Bad password`不用管，继续输）：
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```bash
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passwd root
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/etc/init.d/sshd start
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```
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- 检查虚拟机ssh是否在端口22监听：（有ssh字样就是）
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```bash
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netstat -tlnp | grep :22
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```
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- 然后在macOS另一个终端：（按⌘+N新建终端）
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```zsh
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scp -P 2222 ~/Downloads/ArchLinuxARM-aarch64-latest.tar.gz root@localhost:/root/
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```
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> 如果有`WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED!`：
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> 使用`ssh-keygen -R "[localhost]:2222"`清除密钥；
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- 回到Alpine，检查文件是否传输成功：
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```bash
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ls -lh /root/ArchLinuxARM-aarch64-latest.tar.gz
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cd /mnt
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```
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- 移动到当前工作目录：
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```bash
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mv /root/ArchLinuxARM-aarch64-latest.tar.gz ./
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```
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- 检查当前目录
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```bash
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pwd
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ls -lh
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```
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- 解压：
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```bash
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tar -xzf ArchLinuxARM-aarch64-latest.tar.gz
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```
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- 挂载必要的虚拟文件系统：
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```bash
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mount -t proc /proc /mnt/proc
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mount -t sysfs /sys /mnt/sys
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mount --rbind /dev /mnt/dev
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mount --rbind /run /mnt/run
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```
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- 复制 DNS 配置：
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```bash
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cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc/resolv.conf
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```
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- 设置主机名：（`arch-vm`字样可自由修改）
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```bash
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echo "arch-vm" > /mnt/etc/hostname
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```
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- 切换到新系统
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```bash
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chroot /mnt /bin/bash
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```
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- 创建fstab文件：
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1. 获取分区UUID：
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```bash
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BOOT_UUID=$(blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/vdb1)
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ROOT_UUID=$(blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/vdb2)
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```
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2. 创建fstab文件
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```bash
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cat > /etc/fstab << EOF
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# Static information about the filesystems.
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# See fstab(5) for details.
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# <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
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UUID=${ROOT_UUID} / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 1
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UUID=${BOOT_UUID} /boot vfat defaults,noatime 0 2
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EOF
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```
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3. 检查创建的fstab：（确认每个UUID后面都有值！没有的话看看EFI和主分区有没有挂载）
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```bash
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cat /etc/fstab
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```
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> 示例：
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> ```
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> # Static information about the filesystems.
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> # See fstab(5) for details.
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>
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> # <file system> <dir> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
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> UUID=38c55c13-8929-4f15-aa41-4091a976f413 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 1
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> UUID=693A-FE3A /boot vfat defaults,noatime 0 2）
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> ```
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- 设置时区：
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```bash
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ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime
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```
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- 设置硬件时钟：
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```bash
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hwclock --systohc
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```
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- 设置root密码（要记住！）：
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```bash
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passwd
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```
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- （可选）创建普通用户（`archuser`字样可自由修改）：
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```bash
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useradd -m -G wheel -s /bin/bash archuser
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passwd archuser
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```
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- 配置sudo：
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```bash
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echo "wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL" >> /etc/sudoers
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```
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- 启用`systemd-networkd`（网络相关服务）：
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```bash
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systemctl enable systemd-networkd
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systemctl enable systemd-resolved
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```
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- 配置网络接口
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```bash
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cat > /etc/systemd/network/20-eth0.network << EOF
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[Match]
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Name=eth0
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[Network]
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DHCP=yes
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EOF
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```
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- 添加**清 华 大 学**开源软件镜像站
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```bash
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echo 'Server = http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/archlinuxarm/$arch/$repo' > /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
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```
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- 更新包数据库：
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```bash
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pacman -Sy
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```
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- 初始化密钥环：
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```bash
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pacman-key --init
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```
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- 填充 Arch Linux ARM 密钥：
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```bash
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pacman-key --populate archlinuxarm
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```
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- 安装 GRUB：
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```bash
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pacman -S grub efibootmgr
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```
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- 安装 GRUB 为可移动媒体（正常安装老失败，这样效果一样）：
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```bash
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grub-install --target=arm64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=GRUB --removable
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```
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- 生成配置：
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```bash
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grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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```
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- 检查：
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```bash
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head -20 /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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```
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> 示例：
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> ```
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> #
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> # DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
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> #
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> # It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates
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> # from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
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> #
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>
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> ### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
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> insmod part_gpt
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> insmod part_msdos
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> if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
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> load_env
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> fi
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>
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> if [ "${env_block}" ] ; then
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> set env_block="(${root})${env_block}"
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> export env_block
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> load_env -f "${env_block}"
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> fi
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> ```
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- 安装内核：
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```bash
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pacman -S linux-aarch64
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```
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- 查找内核文件：
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```bash
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find /boot -name "*initramfs-linux.img*" -o -name "*Image*"
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```
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- 创建 GRUB 内核配置：
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```bash
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ROOT_UUID=$(blkid -s UUID -o value /dev/vdb2)
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cat > /boot/grub/grub.cfg << EOF
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set default=0
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set timeout=5
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insmod part_gpt
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insmod ext2
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insmod fat
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menuentry "Arch Linux ARM" {
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linux /Image root=UUID=$ROOT_UUID rw quiet
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initrd /initramfs-linux.img
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}
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menuentry "Arch Linux ARM (fallback)" {
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linux /Image root=UUID=$ROOT_UUID rw quiet
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initrd /initramfs-linux-fallback.img
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}
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EOF
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```
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- 检查：要确保UUID有值！
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```bash
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cat /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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```
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> 示例：
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> ```
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> set default=0
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> set timeout=5
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>
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> insmod part_gpt
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> insmod ext2
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> insmod fat
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>
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> menuentry "Arch Linux ARM" {
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> linux /Image root=UUID=38c55c13-8929-4f15-aa41-4091a976f413 rw quiet
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> initrd /initramfs-linux.img
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> }
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>
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> menuentry "Arch Linux ARM (fallback)" {
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> linux /Image root=UUID=38c55c13-8929-4f15-aa41-4091a976f413 rw quiet
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> initrd /initramfs-linux-fallback.img
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> }
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> ```
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- 安装基本工具（可选）
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```bash
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pacman -S sudo vim git wget curl
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```
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- 完成：
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```bash
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exit
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```
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- 把窗口关掉。
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## 启动Arch Linux（使用新指令）
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- macOS终端输入：
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```zsh
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qemu-system-aarch64 \
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-accel hvf -cpu host -smp 4 \
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-M virt \
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-m 8G \
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-nographic \
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-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net \
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-netdev user,id=net,hostfwd=tcp::2222-:22 \
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-bios QEMU_EFI.fd \
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-drive file=test.qcow2,if=virtio
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```
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> 显示示例：
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> ```
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> GNU GRUB version 2:2.14rc1.r54.g29f3131a-2
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>
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> /----------------------------------------------------------------------------\
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> |*Arch Linux ARM |
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> | Arch Linux ARM (fallback) |
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> | |
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> | |
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> | |
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> | |
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> | |
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> | |
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> | |
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> | |
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> | |
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> | |
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> | |
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> \----------------------------------------------------------------------------/
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>
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> Use the ^ and v keys to select which entry is highlighted.
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> Press enter to boot the selected OS, `e' to edit the commands
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> before booting or `c' for a command-line.
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> ```
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- 会自动引导系统；
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输入root回车；
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输入密码进入系统；
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此时系统已联网，可以通过pacman自由安装软件。
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## 附：
|
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- 磁盘扩容：macOS终端输入：
|
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```zsh
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qemu-img resize test.qcow2 +10G
|
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```
|
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可以增加10GB存储空间。
|
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- 静默启动：
|
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启动参数中`-nographic`换为
|
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```zsh
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-daemonize \
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-display none
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```
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注意每个`\`后面不能有空格。
|
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- 完整启动脚本示例：`启动Arch Linux_静默.sh`
|
||
- 提示：
|
||
- 如果你的设备内存≤16GB，不建议分配8GB内存给虚拟机，实际上2GB完全可以运行，记得修改；
|
||
- `echo`字样的指令为提示信息，无实际作用；
|
||
```bash
|
||
#!/bin/bash
|
||
echo "================================"
|
||
echo " Arch Linux ARM 虚拟机（静默启动）"
|
||
echo "================================"
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "连接信息："
|
||
echo " SSH地址: localhost:1123"
|
||
echo " 用户名: root"
|
||
echo " 密码: 0000"
|
||
echo " 用户名: archuser"
|
||
echo " 密码: 0000"
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "================================"
|
||
echo " SSH使用提示： "
|
||
echo "================================"
|
||
echo "# 启动 SSH 服务"
|
||
echo "systemctl start sshd"
|
||
echo "systemctl enable sshd"
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "# 检查服务状态"
|
||
echo "systemctl status sshd"
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "# 允许 root 登录（如果需要）"
|
||
echo "echo \"PermitRootLogin yes\" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config"
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "# 重启 SSH 服务"
|
||
echo "systemctl restart sshd"
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "# 重新生成 systemd 配置"
|
||
echo "systemctl daemon-reload"
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "直接访问Arch Linux：macOS终端输入："
|
||
echo "ssh -p 1123 root@localhost"
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "# 文件传输（macOS终端）"
|
||
echo "scp -P 1123 [本地文件] root@localhost:[远程路径]"
|
||
echo "scp -P 1123 root@localhost:[远程文件] [本地路径]"
|
||
echo "目录请使用：scp -P 1123 -r [本地目录] root@localhost:[远程路径]"
|
||
echo "一键同步文件夹：rsync -rlptvz -e \"ssh -p 1123\" --no-owner --no-group ~/arch_share/ root@localhost:/hostshare/"
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "重置连接密钥："
|
||
echo "ssh-keygen -R \"[localhost]:1123\""
|
||
echo ""
|
||
echo "在macOS终端使用"
|
||
echo "socat TCP6-LISTEN:1124,reuseaddr,fork TCP4:127.0.0.1:1123 &"
|
||
echo "socat TCP6-LISTEN:1123,reuseaddr,fork TCP4:127.0.0.1:1124 &"
|
||
echo "来使得虚拟机服务器可被外部IPv6访问"
|
||
echo "Arch Linux启动中..."
|
||
echo "等待3–5秒，系统引导完成后，即可使用Visual Studio Code进行SSH访问。"
|
||
echo "要停止虚拟机运行，可以使用远程终端输入shutdown now，或者直接在活动监视器中结束qemu-system-aarch64进程。"
|
||
qemu-system-aarch64 \
|
||
-accel hvf \
|
||
-cpu host \
|
||
-smp 4 \
|
||
-M virt \
|
||
-m 8G \
|
||
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
|
||
-netdev user,id=net,hostfwd=tcp::1123-:22,hostfwd=tcp::1124-:8080 \
|
||
-bios QEMU_EFI.fd \
|
||
-drive "file=arch.qcow2,if=virtio,media=disk" \
|
||
-daemonize \
|
||
-display none
|
||
```
|
||
在文本编辑器中完成编辑后，保存到`test.qcow2`和`QEMU_EFI.fd`的相同目录，再使用`chmod +x 启动Arch Linux_静默.sh`使文件可执行。
|
||
- DeepSeek小提示：
|
||
1. **安全性**：文档中启用了root SSH登录，生产环境应禁用；
|
||
2. **密码强度**：建议使用更强的密码；
|
||
3. **磁盘空间**：20G对于开发环境可能足够，但长期使用建议更大； |